Linux初始化配置

linux
2.7k words

更换软件源

  1. 查看Linux版本 lsb_release -a，获取codename

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    root@root:~$ lsb_release -a
    No LSB modules are available.
    Distributor ID: Ubuntu
    Description:    Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
    Release:        22.04
    Codename:       jammy

  2. 替换源

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    sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.old
    sudo chmod 777 /etc/apt/sources.list
    sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

    输入（jammy为第一步获取的名字）：

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    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

    更新：

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    sudo apt-get update  #这个命令会访问源列表里的每个网址，并读取软件列表，将其保存在本地
    sudo apt-get upgrade  #这个命令会更新本地已安装的软件

基础配置

  1. 配置管理员密码与基础工具

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    #修改管理员密码
    sudo passwd root

    #安装网络工具|ssh|vim
    sudo apt-get install net-tools ssh vim -y

    #关闭防火墙
    sudo ufw disable

  2. 安装远程目录samba

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    sudo apt-get install samba -y
    sudo vim /etc/samba/smb.conf

    #输入
    [home]
    path = /home
    comment = Home Disk
    public = yes
    writeable = yes
    directory mask = 0777
    create mask = 0777
    browseable = yes
    available = yes
    force user = root

    #添加用户
    sudo pdbedit -a xxxxx

  1. 安装远程挂载服务 nfs

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    sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server -y
    sudo chmod 777 /etc/exports
    sudo vim /etc/exports

    #再文档最后写上挂载目录
    /home 			*(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

安装远程桌面

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#安装xfce4
sudo apt-get -y install xfce4 xrdp -y

#配置xfce4桌面
echo xfce4-session > ~.xsession

打开windows桌面远程连接，输入账号密码即可：

image-20220804102041880

image-20220804102104140

新建用户

  1. 复制用户初始文件到 /etc/skel/ 目录下，比如QT配置等

  2. 添加用户

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    #添加普通用户
    sudo adduser xxxx

    #ubuntu添加管理员用户
    sudo usermod -G sudo xxxx

    #centos添加管理员用户
    chmod u+w /etc/sudoers
    vim /etc/sudoers
    #添加行
    xxxx ALL=(ALL) AL
    #删除权限
    chmod u-w /etc/sudoers

Linux扩展命令

  1. 查看磁盘情况 [duf](muesli/duf: Disk Usage/Free Utility - a better ‘df’ alternative (github.com))，类似df命令，可用来看挂载情况

    image-20220805092957317

  2. 查看文件夹大小 dust -d 1，1表示深度，类似du命令

    image-20220805093151159

  3. 查看Linux资源情况 [btm](ClementTsang/bottom: Yet another cross-platform graphical process/system monitor. (github.com))，类似 top命令

    image-20220805093258646

挂载新硬盘到home

  1. 查看当前的连接的硬盘 fdisk -l

  2. 挂载新硬盘 fdisk /dev/sdb

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    Command (m for help): n(创建新分区)
    ... ...(全都默认操作)
    Command (m for help): w(完成退出)

  3. 格式化分区 mkfs -t ext4 -c /dev/sdb

  4. 挂载临时目录并拷贝home目录文件

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    mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
    cp -rf /home/* /mnt
    umount /mnt

  5. 挂载到home

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    mount /dev/sdb1 /home/   #将sdb1挂载到/home
    blkid /dev/sdb1    #记录sdb1的UUID

  6. 开机自动挂载

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    #查看UUID
    lsblk -f 
    #修改开机挂载脚本
    vi /etc/fstab
    #在最后增加一行
    UUID=da797df3-cfa3-4a8b-aea6-2df53e41ba42 /home ext4 defaults 1 2
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